Stallion Integrated, as part of the Stallion Group, is redefining the security landscape. Founded in 1991 as a guarding company, Stallion has evolved into a Level 1 BBBEE provider of integrated business solutions, combining people, technology, and innovation. By harnessing artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the company is delivering measurable improvements in detection accuracy, response times, and decision-making, while ensuring that human guards remain at the centre of security delivery.

Overseeing more than 300 sites and 3,700 cameras nationwide, Stallion’s control rooms utilise AI to monitor high-risk activities, including perimeter breaches, unauthorised vehicle access, and loitering. Moreover, the system learns each site’s unique patterns, from staff movements to deliveries, to filter out false positives. This has reduced nuisance alarms by almost 98%, enabling controllers to act only on genuine threats.

“The implementation of AI isn’t here to replace guards, but to make them safer and more effective,” said Riaan Willemse, GM: Operations & IT at Stallion Integrated. “By filtering nuisance alarms, our teams can focus on real threats, whether it’s suspicious movement along a fence or unusual vehicle activity at access points.”

The integration is seamless, with AI overlaying onto existing CCTV systems and transforming standard cameras into smart analytics tools. All activity, including alarms, patrols, incidents, and CCTV, is consolidated into an Electronic Occurrence Book, providing clients with a single, transparent reporting platform. Furthermore, guards actively conduct tests to ensure system integrity, allowing them to respond with greater situational awareness. Beyond intrusions, Stallion’s systems also detect tailgating, fire, smoke, and flooding.

The technology has shown a tangible impact across industrial sites, logistics hubs, residential estates, and retail centres. Licence plate recognition, linked to national databases, has led to multiple arrests at shopping centres, while, in another case, suspects fleeing a Tshwane Metropolitan Police roadblock attempted to scale an estate wall. Stallion’s monitoring flagged the breach, armed response intervened, and police used Stallion’s intelligence to track and arrest the remaining suspects – a clear demonstration of private innovation supporting national security efforts.

Looking ahead, Stallion plans to expand its AI capabilities into health and safety monitoring, detecting falls, flagging non-compliance with protective equipment, and managing overcrowding. Furthermore, fully integrated site and building management solutions are also in development. All systems are underpinned by strict data protocols, with sites connecting via VPN to secure control rooms and personal data safely retained within Stallion’s environment.

“AI is redefining how security is delivered. By combining technology with trained personnel, we’re not only responding faster but preventing crime and creating safer environments for businesses and communities across South Africa,” concluded Willemse.

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This investment underscores growing confidence in the country’s private security industry, which continues to expand – driven by persistent security challenges and increasing demand for professional protection services, Nextorch said in a statement.

“Tactical lighting is an often-overlooked component of security – but it is essential to the work of security officers, law enforcement, and anti-poaching units. However, affordability is often a key barrier for these groups. The investment from HQ means Nextorch Africa will be able to expand our national footprint and offer quality products at a much lower price point for SA’s security and law enforcement landscape,” said Werner van der Westhuizen, Director at Nextorch Africa, who has over 15 years of experience working as a private military contractor in Africa.

South Africa has the largest private security industry in the world, with more than 15 000 registered security companies and around 2.7-million registered private security officers across the country, according to the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PRISA). Overall, the number of security businesses in the country grew by 43% in the past decade – a trend that is set to continue, considering South Africa’s crime rate, which ranks among the highest globally.

“The private security industry plays a critical role in supporting law enforcement in South Africa, working together with the SAPS to fight crime and keep people safe. With a national presence, we’ll be able to stock the full range of Nextorch products and facilitate product demos for businesses, anti-poaching units, and law enforcement anywhere in the country,” said van der Westhuizen.

Nextorch Africa is an official supplier to the Tshwane Metro Police, as well as over 100 private security companies across the country – including household brands like Fidelity ADT and Bidvest Protea Coin. They also contribute military-grade equipment to South Africa’s broader security ecosystem, providing sponsorships to the South African Police Service (SAPS) and Community Policing Forum (CPF) groups, and anti-poaching units throughout the country. Globally, Nextorch supplies products to over 150 countries, including over 2.4-million police officers in China.

“We’re excited about the expansion of Nextorch Africa and the impact on the private security sector,” said Waal de Waal, Chief Operating Officer at Bidvest Protea Coin. “More and more, South Africans are relying on private security companies to protect their homes and give them peace of mind. For us, peace of mind comes from knowing that we can rely on our equipment to work in risky circumstances. It’s a win-win for everyone.”

“For us, it’s about empowering security professionals with the best equipment for the job – and ensuring they can keep themselves and the public safe. The investment from Nextorch HQ also provides us with a foundation to expand into the rest of Africa and offer premium products across the continent,” said van der Westhuizen.

To celebrate the investment, Nextorch Africa is offering private security professionals in South Africa a free torch to test out in the field and add to their tool belt. Those interested can get in touch with the brand via their website (www.nextorch.co.za).

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Held at the Wanderers Main Club, Johannesburg, the day saw a cross-section of clients, technology partners, regulators, and security professionals come together. The day’s agenda combined thought leadership presentations with product showcases, giving attendees a glimpse into the future of integrated security.

George Fitzroy, Group Managing Director at Stallion Integrated, presented a vision of resilience and explained why Stallion invests in Technology Day each year.

“We host the day annually to bring clients face-to-face with leading Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEMs), to show not only what’s possible but how Stallion is setting innovation up for client needs,” he explained.

For Fitzroy, integration is not a buzzword but a survival strategy.

“Integration is bringing together the best systems into a seamless solution,” he explained.

“It is ensuring our controllers in the command centre can respond quickly and effectively because everything’s connected, accessible, and controllable from one console.”

That integration goes far beyond alarms and cameras. Fitzroy explained how Stallion’s Internet of Things (SIoT) business unit is tackling everything from loitering warnings and fire detection to Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) compliance monitoring and logistics assistance.

“Our AI detects loitering, fire, flooding, PPE compliance, even people counts,” Fitzroy said. “We are not just protecting assets – we are managing risk holistically, from operations to logistics to health and safety.”

He also discussed the financial realities. Many companies hesitate to invest in advanced systems due to upfront costs. Stallion’s solution: rental models combined with platinum maintenance packages that guarantee no hidden expenses.

“Price innovation must be affordable,” he implored. “It’s about budget balancing with strength. That is how we generate confidence.”

But Fitzroy would not deny that technology alone will not do it. “At the end of the day, technology is an enabler,” he said. “What makes it wonderful is the way people use it – the integration between systems, human supervision, and trained staff.”

He concluded on an optimistic note. “Technology Day always gets us pumped. It indicates to our customers that Stallion is not only swept up in change – we are spearheading it. Through innovation, compliance, and cooperation, we can build a safer South Africa.”

The conference had on display technologies from Stallion’s global partners: NIMBUS launched its Value Chain Audit Trail; Geutebrueck demonstrated advanced VMS (Video Management System) Integration; Deep Alert talked about AI-based offsite monitoring; Gallagher launched its roadmap for smarter access control and MASC showcased fire suppression solutions.

The highlight sessions reinforced Stallion’s core message: security is strongest when technologies, people, and processes work together.

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Speaking at the recent Stallion Integrated Technology Day in Johannesburg, he focussed on the human and legislative pressures shaping the arena in which companies like Stallion operate.

Botes began by reminding the listeners of the industry’s scale: 17 389 registered companies and 632 000 active security officers, one of South Africa’s largest employers (the South African Police Service has just 190 000 active members). The size of the private security industry has doubled in the last six years, but behind the numbers is a worrying picture.

“We are still one of the largest employers in the country,” responded Botes, “but we are also burdened with non-compliance, exploitation, and ineffective enforcement. There are too many short-cut employers, and it is the officers – the men and women on the streets – who get hit with it.”

He cited the growing abuse of so-called “disguised employment relationships”. Some businesses, he added, are classifying officers as ‘independent contractors’ or ‘learners’ in a bid to escape labour obligations like UIF, provident fund, and minimum wage statutes.

“Greed is the root of much of these abuses,” he cautioned.

“But the tide is turning. The National Bargaining Council for the Private Security Sector (NBCPSS) has already collected fines in excess of R1 million against the culprits. To those who are still engaging in such practices: Big Brother will catch up with you soon enough.”

Botes also aimed his anger at the regulatory environment. Draft amendments to the Private Security Industry Regulation Act (PSIRA) propose restricting the use of firearms and, in fact, barring even non-lethal items like batons.

“If passed, these bills will essentially emasculate private security at a time when South African Police Services (SAPS) can’t keep pace with a growing crime tide,” he argued.

“We cannot allow overreach by regulation to undermine national safety.”

He cited dire crime statistics: violent crime increased more than 11% from the previous year, and police-to-population ratios continue to decrease.

“We are the backbone of security in this nation,” Botes stated.

“Our industry is an essential contributor to crime prevention, and yet we are being treated as though we’re part of the problem. This must change.”

For Botes, the solution is partnership: among industry and government, among providers and regulators, among officers and employers. Without it, he warned, “we will continue to drift into a two-tiered system where only the wealthy can afford proper protection.”

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The guards work for Reliable Guards and Mantl Five. These security companies have contracts with the departments to look after offices and other sites in Cofimvaba and Tsomo town. The strike started last Friday after more than 20 guards were fired last month, allegedly for joining unions.

The fired guards were expecting to be paid on 12 and 15 August. When they did not receive their money, the guards closed the public works department’s site in Tsomo.

On Monday this week they protested outside the education offices in Cofimvaba, demanding their pay and asking the department to intervene. On Tuesday they closed the public works offices, also in Cofimvaba, preventing employees from going in.

The guards want these departments to force the employers to take them back. Some said they had been with these companies for close to seven years.

Guard Olwethu Zekani said the dispute started a few months ago after they complained about being underpaid, not getting annual leave or family responsibility leave, and not having a provident fund.

She had worked for Reliable since 2022 and was paid R6,182 a month, she said.

“We are not getting paid overtime, night shift, weekends or for the public holidays. When we raised these issues we were ignored. That is why some of us joined the unions. But what we didn’t expect was to be fired,” said Zekani. She said she is still waiting for her last payment.

The workers are represented by the African Meat Industry and Allied Trade Union (AMITU) and the Progressive Allied and Travel Union of South Africa (PATU).

Shop steward Mthetho Boyse, who works for Mantl Five, said last month workers from sites in Tsomo and Cofimvaba were dismissed after the employers found out that they had joined unions.

Boyse said the minimum wage for security guards is R31 an hour.

“Sometimes I would work seven nights a week including weekends only to be paid R6,000. When we asked for a meeting to raise these issues we were ignored,” said Boyse.

PATU deputy general secretary Jackson Thiso said after several attempts to meet the employers, workers had taken their grievances to the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration (CCMA). He said the employers had identified the workers who joined the unions through the CCMA application.

“Instead of solving the issues they decided to force the workers to leave the union or be fired. After they refused they were then fired,” said Thiso.

“We are talking about people who have been working for these companies for more than seven years and are only getting month to month contracts and that is not fair. Hence we want these departments to intervene,” he said.

At the education department on Monday, only management was allowed to enter after an hour of negotiations between department officials and the guards’ representatives.

Reliable Guards security director Samora Madikane was called. After a five hour meeting with the guards’ representatives and the department officials, said Boyse, Madikane had made it clear that he would only take the guards back if they left the unions. But workers refused.

Guards who worked at the education department were then paid on Monday night.

Approached by GroundUp, Madikane refused to comment. Mantl Five director Sipho Tunyiswa first said he was busy and has since not taken GroundUp’s calls.

Thiso said the education department had promised to take the matter to the provincial offices in Bisho. The union had not been able to speak to managers in the public works department and guards had vowed to continue blocking the entrances until they are heard.

Questions sent by GroundUp to the education department spokesperson Vuyiseka Mboxela on Monday were not answered. Provincial Public Works and Infrastructure spokesperson Vuyani Nkasayi said the department was engaging with the employers.

The matter will be heard at the CCMA on 9 and 17 September.

This article was republished with permission from GroundUp, the original article can be found here.

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In a formal reply, the Minister cited a 2016 empirical study conducted by the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSiRA), titled The Barrel of the Gun: Improving the Regulation and Control of the Use of Firearms within the Private Security Industry in South Africa. The study provided evidence-based recommendations to strengthen regulation of firearms in the industry and was supported by additional academic research, including studies on the health risks of TASER use (Jauchem, 2010; Zipes, 2012) and the broader implications of firearm regulation in private security (Minnaar, 2008).

The proposed regulations do not ban firearms in the sector but aim to tighten controls and increase accountability. They include requirements for private security companies to ensure officers are fit, trained and legally compliant before issuing firearms. The regulations would also mandate strict record-keeping on the issuance, use and tracking of weapons, reduce the risk of loss or theft, and enforce adherence to the Firearms Control Act, particularly in gun-free zones.

The Department emphasised that the changes are intended to promote responsible firearm management and do not undermine the industry’s operational capabilities. It also clarified that the restricted non-lethal weapons, such as those used in crowd control, are classified as potentially lethal and are not standard issue for private security. These remain the responsibility of specialised police units.

Under Section 35(1)(m) of the Private Security Industry Regulation Act (Act 56 of 2001), the Minister is authorised to introduce regulations relating to the use and possession of weapons in the industry. The Minister argues that the new framework will allow PSiRA to maintain a comprehensive, updated national database on firearm use within the sector, thereby improving regulatory oversight and public safety.

While the government frames the changes as a response to long-standing regulatory gaps, critics remain concerned that the restrictions could limit private security firms’ effectiveness in deterring crime at a time of rising national violence. The debate continues over how best to balance security, public safety and regulatory control.

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“This year’s Securex South Africa brought together a diverse line-up of exhibitors spanning the full security spectrum, including physical security, integrated systems, cybersecurity, perimeter protection, and fire detection. The show floor buzzed with live demonstrations, new product launches, and engaging conversations, while visitors benefitted from the opportunity to see, test, and compare solutions from both local innovators and international brands,” says Mark Anderson, portfolio director at Specialised Exhibitions, a division of Montgomery Group.

Visitors attractions galore

A key highlight of the event was the free-to-attend Securex Seminar Theatre, in partnership with SMART Security Solutions. Covering topics such as agentic AI, ANPR from drones, and alarm monitoring automation, the sessions provided vital insight into the trends shaping the industry. The FPASA InFIReS Seminar once again drew strong interest from municipal fire officers, underwriters, and risk managers, with talks on various SANS regulations, fire service upliftment, and a panel discussion.

Popular visitor features included the SAIDSA Techman competition, which showcased the technical skill of South Africa’s top certified alarm installers, and the thrilling K9 Unit demonstrations held in the Node Link between Halls 2 and 3. Drone demonstrations offered a fascinating look into emerging aerial surveillance technologies, while the K9 Demo Area kept attendees captivated throughout the event.

In the highly competitive SAIDSA Techman competition, the region’s fastest and most accurate technicians battled it out to wire up a control panel in record time. The winner of the competition was Kieran Ruiters from Blue Security, followed by Ashraf Manuel from ABC Security, and Edwin Perumal from Marshall Security in second and third places, respectively.

Securex 2025 was also proud to announce the winners of the prestigious Outstanding Security Performance Awards (OSPAs), recognising excellence across the private security industry:

• Outstanding In-House Security Manager/Director — Kerissa Varma, Microsoft
• Outstanding Contract Security Manager/Director — Jannie Ruppersberg, Koreserv Security
• Outstanding Security Team — SBV Security and Intelligence Team, SBV Security Services
• Outstanding Security Consultant — André Mundell, Alwinco
• Outstanding Security Training Initiative — Derica Lambrechts, Department of Political Science Stellenbosch University
• Outstanding Security Installer/Integrator — Secutel Technologies
• Outstanding New Security Product — Docked Drone Solution, 24/7 Drone Force
• Outstanding Female Security Professional Eva Nolle — Ceravoid
• Outstanding Young Security Professional — Denielle Rawthee, Vodacom
• Lifetime Achievement — Dave Dodge.

Satisfied exhibitors and visitors

This year’s show received overwhelmingly positive responses from both visitors and exhibitors. Many praised the organisation, quality of leads, and valuable conversations held throughout the three-day event.

Imran Patel, from Shieldforce says: “Securex South Africa is the hub for security in Africa and an essential part of our marketing strategy. The ‘quality’ and decision-making power of visitors is great this year, and so much better than ancillary expos. We’ve experienced more need for customised integrations in the industry, with analytics being emphasised more.”

Retired SAPS member, Jan de Lange, says: “Securex South Africa gets better every year; this is my third year here. The exhibitors explain the technology very well.”

Willie Roets from Custom Mobile Converters says: “The shows are very well laid out. I like that it isn’t crowded, because otherwise you miss things. Securex South Africa is the best show I’ve been to.”

“We believe that Securex South Africa ticked all the right boxes for both our exhibitors and visitors, and we look forward to our Cape Town event — taking place from 21 to 23 October at the Cape Town International Conference Centre — and next year’s Johannesburg event, which takes place at Gallagher Convention Centre from 2 to 4 June. Full details of both shows are available on our website at www.securex.co.za,” says Anderson.

Organisations wishing to exhibit at Securex South Africa Cape Town 2025, or Securex South Africa 2026, can contact the Securex South Africa team on zelda.jordaan@montgomerygroup.com or johan.vanheerden@montgomerygroup.com to book a space or capitalise on a sponsorship opportunity.

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Expanding a Vital Sector

PSIRA estimates that over 250,000 new security officers and more than 3,000 new security businesses will be registered across the medium-term expenditure framework (MTEF) period. To manage this, it plans to open three new provincial offices in the Northern Cape, North West, and Limpopo, thereby increasing its national footprint.

PSIRA Director Manabela Chauke explained that the regulatory body aims to professionalise the sector while safeguarding public interest. “Our mandate is to ensure transparency, public safety, and lawful conduct in one of the largest security sectors on the continent,” Chauke told the Committee.

Strategic Focus Areas

PSIRA’s five-year strategy focuses on:

• Strengthening law enforcement capacity, including the creation of a K9 unit and enhancing firearm compliance

• Introducing a business intelligence unit to support enforcement and risk management

• Upgrading training standards across the industry

• Promoting public awareness and community engagement

• Digitising vetting processes, including fingerprint verification

• Establishing a Guarantee Fund for public liability insurance

To support these objectives, PSIRA is also investing in infrastructure, including the procurement of drones, vehicles, mobile offices, and the refurbishment of its multipurpose centre.

Budget and Operational Expansion

PSIRA’s expenditure is projected to grow by an average of 34% between 2024/25 and 2025/26, largely due to increased personnel costs, digital infrastructure upgrades, and operational expansion. Employee costs alone will rise 26%, with substantial additional spending forecast for communication systems, printing (ID cards and training certificates), background checks, and stakeholder workshops.

Key operational cost drivers include:

• 45% of the budget for personnel

• 10% for bad debt

• 7% for consultancy fees

• Increases in travel and accommodation, cleaning, and digital communication costs

A notable increase in legal and vetting costs was also recorded, reflecting the sector’s growing complexity and the need for regulatory enforcement.

Committee Feedback and Outlook

Committee members largely welcomed PSIRA’s modernisation plans and proactive posture. However, questions were raised about how the authority intends to ensure compliance across such a large and diverse industry, especially as many security operations operate in semi-regulated or informal environments.

In response, PSIRA reiterated its commitment to stronger law enforcement and inter-agency cooperation, as well as its drive to build trust with both the public and private clients of the industry.

The Committee is expected to follow up with PSIRA in future sessions to evaluate progress, particularly on its enforcement metrics and public engagement outcomes.

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Industry Overview and Growth

Botes began by detailing the substantial growth of the private security sector since 2001. Despite the absence of direct government funding, the industry has expanded to support state law enforcement, effectively plugging the gap left by a chronically under-resourced South African Police Service (SAPS). This growth, however, comes at a steep cost, both financial and human, for the companies and officers involved.

Regulatory Clampdown

The most contentious part of Botes’ presentation centred on proposed amendments from the Private Security Industry Regulatory Authority (PSIRA). Without prior consultation, PSIRA has published regulations that significantly restrict the operational capabilities of private security firms. These include:

• Limitations or outright bans on the use of semi-automatic firearms,

• Prohibitions on non-lethal weapons such as water cannons, rubber bullets, and even handcuffs and batons.

These moves, Botes argued, are not only impractical but also duplicative, given that similar restrictions already exist under Section 21 of the Firearms Control Act.

Botes also questioned PSIRA’s ability to enforce these rules, citing its already overstretched inspectorate and failure to address the proliferation of unregistered security providers.

Legal Battles on the Horizon

SASA and various industry stakeholders are preparing to oppose these regulations through the courts. Botes made it clear that the fight will go all the way to the Constitutional Court if necessary.

He also criticised recent moves by the Department of Trade and Industry to ban the importation of blank firearms, calling the rationale “ludicrous”, and noting that the draft legislation does not yet ban possession, but likely will.

Employment Equity Targets and Data Control

Further concerns were raised about the Department of Labour’s new Employment Equity targets, which Botes described as “unconstitutional, unrealistic and unattainable”. Legal challenges from both employers and civic bodies are expected.

Lastly, he highlighted a newly published gazette by the City of Johannesburg, claiming ownership of all CCTV footage from public roads, including footage captured by privately funded and maintained cameras. Botes criticised the lack of consultation and questioned whether this move amounts to “expropriation without compensation”.

Botes closed by reiterating the private security industry’s vital role in national safety and civic stability, and by stressing the need for continued legal vigilance and unity within the industry.

His message was clear: the sector stands at a crossroads, facing a wave of impractical and overreaching legislation that threatens its ability to function. But it is also prepared to fight, legally, publicly, and collectively, for its survival and continued contribution to national security.

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Budget and Staffing Deemed Sufficient

According to the Minister, the Law Enforcement Unit within PSiRA has been allocated R203 million for the 2024/25 financial year. This budget primarily funds inspector salaries, travel, and equipment, and includes provisions for the recruitment of 30 additional inspectors. A further R5 million is earmarked for law enforcement vehicles and other operational resources.

The unit currently comprises 68 inspectors, six prosecutors, five forensic investigators, three legal advisors, and 34 interns. The Department claims this staffing level is sufficient to regulate the industry, particularly when supported by inter-agency collaboration with the South African Police Service, Department of Employment and Labour, and Department of Health.

However, questions remain about whether this capacity is adequate for the scale and complexity of the sector, which now includes actors operating at the edges of legality. The Authority also relies on broader regulatory tools such as self-assessments and compliance forums, which are useful, but inherently dependent on voluntary cooperation from the industry.

Enforcement Claims and Transparency Gaps

The Minister described the Law Enforcement Unit as “highly effective,” pointing to a 93% compliance rate within the private security sector for 2023/24. Yet, such figures may warrant scrutiny, given the reported rise of security operations linked to taxi violence and unregistered training camps.

By the end of February 2025, PSiRA had conducted 8,221 inspections of security businesses and 41,450 inspections of security officers. While these figures appear robust, the Authority admitted that it does not disaggregate inspection data specific to the taxi industry, limiting transparency in one of the most controversial areas of the sector.

This omission is notable, particularly given long-standing concerns about the use of security personnel in taxi-related violence and intimidation. Further, at the end of March 2025, over 639,000 registered security officers were registered with PSiRA, according to figures from the Security Association of South Africa (SASA).

Paramilitary Training Under Watch, but Not Clearly Regulated

PSiRA does not accredit or recognise paramilitary training as part of its regulatory mandate. Nevertheless, it did take action against one accredited training provider found to be offering such training in the past financial year. The provider was charged and prosecuted.

Two other complaints, one each in Limpopo and KwaZulu-Natal, were investigated but found to fall outside the PSiRA’s jurisdiction. This highlights a critical legal grey area, as paramilitary training remains largely outside PSiRA’s formal oversight, raising questions about the adequacy of current legislation in addressing the full scope of security-related risks.

The Authority does inspect accredited training providers to ensure they adhere to legal standards. Yet it concedes that resources remain stretched in covering all providers comprehensively.

Prosecutions and Key Violations

In the current financial year, 1,219 security providers were prosecuted, with a 99.8% success rate, 1,216 successful cases. While this appears impressive on paper, it offers little insight into the severity or nature of the offences involved.

Violations linked to paramilitary training largely involved non-compliance with approved training standards and breaches of the Immigration Act and Foreign Military Assistance Act. Meanwhile, violations associated with the taxi industry were primarily related to the unlawful possession and use of firearms, an issue governed by the Firearms Control Act.

The Minister also cited lack of integrity, criminality, and greed as underlying drivers of these violations, though it remains unclear how these systemic problems are being addressed at a policy level.

Broader Questions of Oversight

While PSiRA appears to have the basic infrastructure and authority to manage conventional regulatory tasks, the expanding scope of private security, particularly where it intersects with organised transport and quasi-military operations, raises important questions about regulatory sufficiency.

Current oversight mechanisms may be adequate for standard compliance, but may fall short in confronting actors who deliberately operate beyond the boundaries of the existing framework. The lack of specific data on high-risk sectors and the legislative limitations surrounding paramilitary training suggest that further reforms may be necessary to prevent abuses and ensure public safety.

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